Mashhad lies in a valley, nestled between two mountain ranges, approximately 250 kilometers from Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan. The city experiences a cold semi-arid climate, characterized by hot summers and cold winters. Springs are pleasant, summers are hot and dry, with temperatures occasionally exceeding 33 degrees Celsius, while winters are cool to cold, with overnight lows often dipping below freezing.
The city's economy thrives on dry fruits, saffron, salted nuts, precious stones like turquoise, jewelry, perfumes, religious souvenirs, and more. Mashhad is also a prominent center for leather production in the country. Its religious shrines hold great appeal for Iranians and foreign tourists alike.
Historically, Mashhad was a small town in Greater Khorasan amidst many larger and more significant cities. In the early 9th century, it was known as Sanabad and was situated near the historic city of Tus, known as Susia to the ancient Greeks. In 818, Ali al-Reda, the eighth Imam of the twelve Imams of Shia Islam, was martyred and buried in Sanabad. Pilgrimages to his shrine began, leading to the construction of a dome over his grave and the gradual growth of the city. It was the Mongol invasions in 1220 that marked the city's rise, as it remained relatively intact compared to other major cities ravaged by the Mongols.

Survivors migrated there, particularly from the prestigious city of Tus.
As Tus declined and the significance of the city's sanctuary grew, Mashhad gained prominence. It eventually earned its current name, "Mashhad," an Arabic term meaning "Martyrium." During the Safavid era, Mashhad became an even more important religious center, attracting pilgrims. The Afsharid dynasty briefly designated Mashhad as its capital, and its reputation persisted. In the 20th century, the city underwent rapid growth and became the second most populous city in Iran.

When to Visit? While Mashhad is enchanting year-round, spring offers pleasant weather. Many visitors also prefer to be in the city during religious occasions.

What to Visit? Mashhad, renowned as a religious city primarily visited for the Imam Reza shrine, also boasts numerous cultural and natural attractions throughout the city and its surroundings.

Imam Reza Holy Shrine Complex The Imam Reza Holy Shrine complex, located in Mashhad, is an extensive religious site that spans over 598 square meters, making it the world's largest mosque by area. Within this complex, you'll find the mausoleum of Imam Reza, the eighth imam of Twelver Shias, and various other significant structures, including the historical Goharshad Mosque, a rich museum, a library, and more. Over the centuries, this religious hub has played a pivotal role in shaping Mashhad, influencing its social, cultural, and economic development.

Goharshad Mosque Goharshad Mosque, a historical gem from the Timurid era, can be found within the Imam Reza Holy Shrine Complex. Named after Queen Qoharshad, wife of Timurid ruler Shahrukh Shah, this mosque showcases intricate Persian decorative arts. The craftsmanship, featuring Iranian tiles, plasterwork, and gleaming mirrors on the ceiling, is truly captivating.

Tomb of Ferdowsi Not far from Mashhad, in the historical city of Tus, you'll discover the Tomb of Ferdowsi, the renowned Persian poet famous for the Shahnameh epic. The mausoleum's design draws from Achaemenid architecture elements, reflecting Iran's rich cultural heritage and historical significance.

Nader Shah Afshar's Tomb Nader Shah Afshar's Tomb, situated in a peaceful garden within Mashhad, commemorates the Persian ruler who founded the Afsharid dynasty. The tomb's innovative design centers on the king's statue on horseback, surrounded by his soldiers.

Darougheh House Darougheh Historical House in Mashhad is a graceful example of Persian traditional architecture, influenced by the Qajar era, and stands out for its unique combination of Russian and Persian architectural elements.

Saint Mesrop Armenian Church In the religious city of Mashhad, the Saint Mesrop Armenian Church stands as a blend of Armenian and Persian architectural styles, though it's now closed to the public due to the absence of Armenian residents.

Bazar Reza Bazar Reza, adjacent to the Imam Reza Holy Shrine, offers a traditional shopping experience with 1,711 shops on two levels, where pilgrims can purchase a wide array of souvenirs, including local products like saffron, spices, and semi-precious stones.

Khajeh Aba Salt Shrine Khajeh Aba Salt Shrine, the mausoleum of one of Imam Reza's friends, features a beautiful garden and unique decorations.

Khajeh Rabi's Tomb Khajeh Rabi's Tomb, dating back to the Safavid era, showcases oriental architecture with its octagonal structure and spacious halls.

The Kalat-e-Naderi complex and Khurshid Palace The Kalat-e-Naderi complex and Khurshid Palace stand as cherished remnants from the era of Nader Shah's rule. The enduring walls, entrance gates, and observation towers of the city citadel, combined with the iconic Khorshid Palace, continue to echo the grandeur of a bygone era. Dating back to the 18th century, Khorshid Palace showcases a mesmerizing architectural style, likely designed as a regal family residence. The palace's rooms are adorned with exquisite paintings and ornamental details, including intricate plasterwork. What truly astonishes is the palace's towering structure, enriched with a striking and distinctive architectural design that captures the imagination.

Mahdi Gholi Beyk historical bath The Mahdi Gholi Beyk historical bath, a public bathhouse dating back to the Safavid era, now serves as the Mashhad anthropology museum, displaying impressive wall decorations and artwork.

Mashhad Botanical Garden Mashhad Botanical Garden spans 30 hectares, offering a diverse collection of plants and artificial lakes, providing a peaceful retreat for nature enthusiasts.

Akhenjan Tower The Akhenjan Tower, an octagonal tower from the 15th century, showcases exquisite decorations and is located near Mashhad.

Tomb of Arsalan Jazeb and Ayaz Minaret The Tomb of Arsalan Jazeb and Ayaz Minaret, situated near Farman city, displays a unique blend of architectural influences, including elements of Buddhism art.

Chalidareh Tourist Complex The Chalidareh Tourist Complex offers a wide range of recreational activities in a scenic natural setting, making it a memorable destination for visitors to Mashhad.

Torghabeh and Shandiz County Torghabeh and Shandiz County, close to Mashhad, provide a serene escape with beautiful villages, along with numerous facilities like restaurants, hotels, ski resorts, and forest parks.

Mashhad Miniature Park Mashhad Miniature Park is a delightful garden displaying miniature replicas of historical and famous Iranian buildings.

Mashhad Aqua Parks Mashhad Aqua Parks offer various amenities and fun activities, making them ideal for families looking to cool off, especially during the hot summer months.

Kooh Sangi Park Kooh Sangi Park is a favorite spot among locals, offering picturesque views from its natural hill, making it an excellent place for both morning relaxation and afternoon strolls.

Kang village Kang village, a historic village near Mashhad, features stepped houses amid stunning mountain scenery, providing a tranquil escape into nature.

Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam Nestled in the vicinity of Mashhad, the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam in Nishapur pays tribute to one of Iran's most celebrated poets. This splendid mausoleum harmoniously integrates iconic Persian architectural elements, all set amidst a rejuvenating garden. Its astounding structure not only stands as a symbol of modern Persian architecture but also intricately reflects the life and literary contributions of the revered poet.

Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur Located in Nishapur, the Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur honors a poet of profound influence and prestige. This sacred site comprises an octagonal building adorned with exquisite Persian tilework, nestled within an enchanting historical garden. Sharing this garden is the tomb of the renowned Persian painter, Kamal-ol-Molk.

Nishapur Wooden Mosque Nestled within a lush garden on the outskirts of the city, the Wooden Mosque of Nishapur stands as a remarkable architectural gem, constructed predominantly from wood, as its name aptly suggests. This serene garden also hosts additional amenities, including a restaurant and shops, creating a tranquil and inviting destination.

Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami Mausoleum Complex The Mausoleum Complex of Sheikh Ahmad-e Jam, a Persian Sufi from the 11th and 12th centuries, is nestled in Torbat-e Jam, just south of Mashhad. This captivating complex encompasses an array of structures, including a Khangah, mosque, houses, and ancient tombstones dating back to the Seljuk era and beyond. Visitors who explore this site encounter a mystic and hospitable atmosphere that enriches their experience.

Nashtifan Windmills (Asbads)

Nashtifan Windmills, or Asbads, are among the oldest vertical-axis windmills in the world, ingeniously harnessing Iran’s 120-day desert winds to grind grain. Built from mud, clay, and wood, these historic structures showcase centuries of Iranian architectural and technological innovation.